Why sheep and goats

Hoess, R. Interaction of the bacteriophage P1 recombinase Cre with the recombining site loxP. Honaramooz, A. Germ cell transplantation in goats. Fertility and germline transmission of donor haplotype following germ cell transplantation in immunocompetent goats.

Adeno-associated virus AAV -mediated transduction of male germ line stem cells results in transgene transmission after germ cell transplantation. Hosseini, S. Enucleated ovine oocyte supports human somatic cells reprogramming back to the embryonic stage. Hsu, P. Cell , — Hu, R. Hu, S. Sleeping Beauty-mediated knockdown of sheep myostatin by RNA interference.

Knockdown of myostatin expression by RNAi enhances muscle growth in transgenic sheep. PLoS One 8, e Hua, S. Development of bovine-ovine interspecies cloned embryos and mitochondria segregation in blastomeres during preimplantation.

Huang, S. Secretion of biologically active human factor IX protein in the milk of transgenic goats. Huang, Y. Recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase from milk of transgenic animals to protect against organophosphate poisoning. Hudecek, M. Going non-viral: the Sleeping Beauty transposon system breaks on through to the clinical side. Ivics, Z. Molecular reconstruction of Sleeping Beauty, a Tc1-like transposon from fish, and its transposition in human cells.

Cell 91, — Jacobsen, J. Jain, H. Knockdown of the myostatin gene by RNA interference in caprine fibroblast cells. Jain, S. Quantitative evaluation of myostatin gene in stably transfected caprine fibroblast cells by anti-myostatin shRNA. Joung, J. TALENs: a widely applicable technology for targeted genome editing.

Cell Biol. Keefer, C. Generation of dwarf goat Capra hircus clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro -matured oocytes.

Production of cloned goats after nuclear transfer using adult somatic cells. Khan, S. Comparison of efficiency of in vitro cloned sheep embryo production by conventional somatic cell nuclear transfer and handmade cloning technique.

Ko, J. Production of biologically active human granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the milk of transgenic goat. Komor, A. Cell , 20— Kumar, R. Small interfering RNA siRNA -mediated knockdown of myostatin influences the expression of myogenic regulatory factors in caprine foetal myoblasts. Short-hairpin mediated myostatin knockdown resulted in altered expression of myogenic regulatory factors with enhanced myoblast proliferation in fetal myoblast cells of goats.

Lagutina, I. Comparative aspects of somatic cell nuclear transfer with conventional and zona-free method in cattle, horse, pig and sheep. Theriogenology 67, 90— Lan, J.

China 9, — Largaespada, D. Generating and manipulating transgenic animals using transposable elements. Lavitrano, M. Sperm-mediated gene transfer. Sperm cells as vectors for introducing foreign DNA into eggs: genetic transformation of mice.

Cell 57, — Li, C. Trio-based deep sequencing reveals a low incidence of off-target mutations in the offspring of genetically edited goats. Li, G. Base pair editing of goat embryos: nonsense codon introgression into FGF5 to improve cashmere yield. Li, H. Generation of biallelic knock-out sheep via gene-editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Li, T. Li, W. Ectopic expression of FGF5s induces wool growth in Chinese merino sheep.

Gene , — FEBS J. Tongue epithelium cells from shRNA mediated transgenic goat show high resistance to foot and mouth disease virus. Li, X. Lin, J. The copy number and integration site analysis of IGF-1 transgenic goat. Liu, C. The critical role of myostatin in differentiation of sheep myoblasts. Knockdown of endogenous myostatin promotes sheep myoblast proliferation.

Highly efficient generation of transgenic sheep by lentivirus accompanying the alteration of methylation status. Liu, J. Establishment and characterization of fetal fibroblast cell lines for generating human lysozyme transgenic goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Liu, Z. Loi, P. Nuclei of nonviable ovine somatic cells develop into lambs after nuclear transplantation. Genetic rescue of an endangered mammal by cross-species nuclear transfer using post-mortem somatic cells. Lu, J. Selection of an effective small interference RNA to silence myostatin gene expression in sheep fibroblast cells. The effect of myostatin silencing by lentiviral-mediated RNA interference on goat fetal fibroblasts.

Lu, R. Luo, J. Ma, H. PhiC31 integrase induces efficient site-specific recombination in the Capra hircus genome. DNA Cell Biol. Ma, L. Development in vitro and mitochondrial fate of interspecies cloned embryos. Ma, T. Pineal Res. Maga, E. Increased efficiency of transgenic livestock production. Mali, P. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Malik, H. Generation of handmade cloned embryos from adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells in goat. McCreath, K.

Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. McLaren, A. Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future. Mehravar, M. Meinecke-Tillmann, S. Experimental chimaeras—removal of reproductive barrier between sheep and goat.

Meir, Y. Transposon-based vector systems for gene therapy clinical trials: challenges and considerations. Chang Gung Med. Meissner, A. Mammalian nuclear transfer. Menchaca, A. New insights and current tools for genetically engineered GE sheep and goats. Theriogenology 86, — In: abstracts from the uc davis transgenic animal research conference xi.

Modric, T. The use of viral vectors in introducing genes into agricultural animal species. Mojica, F. Trends Microbiol. DNA transposons: nature and applications in genomics. Genomics 11, — Murray, J. Production of transgenic merino sheep by microinjection of ovine metallothionein-ovine growth hormone fusion genes. Nakagawa, T. Ni, W. PLoS One 9, e Niemann, H. Niu, Y. Nuo, M.

Promoter methylation and histone modifications affect the expression of the exogenous DsRed gene in transgenic goats. Oliver, D. Pervasive genotypic mosaicism in founder mice derived from genome editing through pronuclear injection. Olorunniji, F.

Site-specific recombinases: molecular machines for the genetic revolution. Park, K. Parker, M. Patel, A. Myostatin knockdown and its effect on myogenic gene expression program in stably transfected goat myoblasts.

Patel, U. Stable suppression of myostatin gene expression in goat fetal fibroblast cells by lentiviral vector-mediated RNAi. Pereira, A. Analysis of factors contributing to the efficiency of the in vitro production of transgenic goat embryos Capra hircus by handmade cloning HMC. Pereyra-Bonnet, F. A unique method to produce transgenic embryos in ovine, porcine, feline, bovine and equine species.

Efficiency of sperm-mediated gene transfer in the ovine by laparoscopic insemination, in vitro fertilization and ICSI. Petersen, B. Basics of genome editing technology and its application in livestock species. Peura, T. A comparison of established and new approaches in ovine and bovine nuclear transfer.

Cloning Stem Cells 5, — Pfeifer, A. Pfister, E. Gene Ther. Polejaeva, I. Polzin, V. Production of sheep-goat chimeras by inner cell mass transplantation. Pramod, R. Transgenic expression of green fluorescent protein in caprine embryos produced through electroporation-aided sperm-mediated gene transfer. Intratesticular injection followed by electroporation allows gene transfer in caprine spermatogenic cells. Proudfoot, C. Genome edited sheep and cattle.

Qin, Y. Cloning of Xuhuai goat lipoprotein lipase gene and the preparation of transgenic sheep. Rafferty, S. Raina, A. Testis mediated gene transfer: in vitro transfection in goat testis by electroporation. Gene , 96— Rashid, T. Revisiting the flight of Icarus: making human organs from PSCs with large animal chimeras. Cell Stem Cell 15, — Reh, W. Hot topic: using a stearoyl-CoA desaturase transgene to alter milk fatty acid composition. S 04 Ren, Y. Potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer mediated transgenesis in Arbas cashmere goats.

Rexroad, C. Production of transgenic sheep with growth-regulating genes. Transferrin- and albumin-directed expression of growth-related peptides in transgenic sheep. Ritchie, W. Transgenic sheep designed for transplantation studies. Live lambs born from zona-pellucida denuded embryos. Rodriguez-Sosa, J. Transduction and transplantation of spermatogonia into the testis of ram lambs through the extra-testicular rete.

Rodriguez-Sosa, R. Isolation and transplantation of spermatogonia in sheep. Theriogenology 66, — Rouet, P. Introduction of double-strand breaks into the genome of mouse cells by expression of a rare-cutting endonuclease. Salabi, F. Myostatin knockout using zinc-finger nucleases promotes proliferation of ovine primary satellite cells in vitro. Effectiveness of the E2-classical swine fever virus recombinant vaccine produced and formulated within whey from genetically transformed goats.

Vaccine Immunol. Adenoviral vector mediates high expression levels of human growth hormone in the milk of mice and goats. Sanjana, N. A transcription activator-like effector toolbox for genome engineering. Schnieke, A. Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Seidel, G. Production of genetically identical sets of mammals: cloning? Selokar, N. Production of interspecies handmade cloned embryos by nuclear transfer of cattle, goat and rat fibroblasts to buffalo Bubalus bubalis oocytes.

Sha, H. Cloning Stem Cells 11, — Shadanloo, F. Shelton, J. Survival of sheep demi-embryos in vivo and in vitro. Theriogenology 30, — Shen, B.

Cell Res. Shi, B. Singh, N. Evaluation of interferon response induced by anti-myostatin shRNA constructs in goat Capra hircus fetal fibroblasts by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Smith, K. Sperm-mediated gene transfer: concepts and controversies. Song, Y. Expression, purification and characterization of zinc-finger nuclease to knockout the goat beta-lactoglobulin gene. Sun, N. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases TALENs : a highly efficient and versatile tool for genome editing.

Sun, R. Bzw2 promotes proliferation and lactation of mammary epithelial cell in dairy goat. Tan, W. Efficient nonmeiotic allele introgression in livestock using custom endonucleases. Gene targeting, genome editing: from Dolly to editors. Tang, D. Silencing myostatin gene by RNAi in sheep embryos. Tao, J. Effects of AANAT overexpression on the inflammatory responses and autophagy activity in the cellular and transgenic animal levels.

Autophagy 14, — Tao, Y. Ultrastructural changes in goat interspecies and intraspecies reconstructed early embryos. Zygote 16, 93— Tavares, K. Tian, H. Food Chem. Tian, X. AANAT transgenic sheep generated via OPS vitrified-microinjected pronuclear embryos and reproduction efficiency of the transgenic offspring. PeerJ 6, e Tian, Y. Expression of 2A peptide mediated tri-fluorescent protein genes were regulated by epigenetics in transgenic sheep.

Toledo, J. Highly protective E2—CSFV vaccine candidate produced in the mammary gland of adenoviral transduced goats. High expression level of recombinant human erythropoietin in the milk of non-transgenic goats.

Tripathi, A. Short hairpin RNA-induced myostatin gene silencing in caprine myoblast cells in vitro. Tsunoda, Y. Production of monozygotic twins following the transfer of bisected embryos in the goats. Theriogenology 24, — Tucker, E. Tetraparental sheep chimaeras induced by blastomere transplantation: changes in blood type with age. Immunology 26, — Udy, G. Commercial splitting of goat embryos. Theriogenology 28, — Urnov, F. Genome editing with engineered zinc finger nucleases.

Vajta, G. Handmade cloning: the future way of nuclear transfer? Science and technology of farm animal cloning: state of the art. Somatic cell cloning without micromanipulators. Cloning 3, 89— Vilarino, M. Wall, R. New gene transfer methods. Theriogenology 57, — Wan, Y. Efficiency of donor cell preparation and recipient oocyte source for production of transgenic cloned dairy goats harboring human lactoferrin.

Wang, H. Wang, L. RNA-seq reveals transcriptome changes in goats following myostatin gene knockout. In vitro development of reconstructed ibex Capra ibex embryos by nuclear transfer using goat Capra hircus oocytes. Wang, X. PLoS One 11, e Advances in interspecific pregnancy. Low incidence of SNVs and indels in trio genomes of Cas9-mediated multiplex edited sheep. BMC Genomics 19, Wang, Y. Weinthal, D. Genome editing in plant cells by zinc finger nucleases.

Trends Plant Sci. White, K. Establishment of pregnancy after the transfer of nuclear transfer embryos produced from the fusion of argali Ovis ammon nuclei into domestic sheep Ovis aries enucleated oocytes. Cloning 1, 47— Whitelaw, C. Production of transgenic farm animals by viral vector-mediated gene transfer.

Willadsen, S. A method for culture of micromanipulated sheep embryos and its use to produce monozygotic twins. The viability of early cleavage stages containing half the normal number of blastomeres in the sheep. The developmental capacity of blastomeres from 4- and 8-cell sheep embryos. Development 65, — Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos.

Nature , 63— Cloning of sheep and cow embryos. Genome 31, — Williams, D. Genetic engineering a large animal model of human hypophosphatasia in sheep. Wilmut, I. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Wright, G. High level expression of active human alphaantitrypsin in the milk of transgenic sheep. Wu, J. Goats that are raised for meat are often disbudded, a process that inhibits the growth of horns by applying a caustic chemical or using a hot iron on the area where the horns will grow, or they are dehorned.

This is a painful procedure, and can lead to increased health risks for the sheep in the future. Handlers that shear sheep are paid per sheep, not per hour. This causes shearers to speed through the process of shearing, increasing the risk of cutting and injuring sheep in the process.

Many sheep come away from the shearing process with lacerations or broken bones, which often lead to death. When this occurs, they are no longer profitable, and these sheep are often sent for slaughter. Choosing to eschew the milk, meat and wool industries will help protect individual goats and sheep, like our rescues Steve and Rose.

There are other sustainable alternatives, and as the demand increases it will challenge industries to be more creative. Shifting practices will allow more goats and sheep to enjoy their lives naturally, forming tribes and families, grazing and frolicking amongst themselves. Goats and Sheep Playful, Smart and Collaborative. Goats and Sheep Raised for Meat and Dairy Goats and sheep that are raised for milk are subjected to a degrading cycle of forced impregnation, removal of the kid or lamb within the first 24 hours of birth, followed by milking the mother in order to sell the milk for human consumption.

Protecting Lives Choosing to eschew the milk, meat and wool industries will help protect individual goats and sheep, like our rescues Steve and Rose. Though these two small ruminants have many similarities, sheep and goats are actually very different in terms of their anatomy, genealogy, and natural behavior.

Here are some questions you can ask yourself when deciding which species you are looking at:. Are they wearing a fur or wool coat? Most goats sport a fur hair coat and sheep are most often cloaked in warm, cozy wool though there are some sheep breeds that also coated in hair.

Which way is the tail pointing? Goat tails are naturally short and point straight up. Most meat sheep breeds have tails that are long, covered in wool, and point down however, there are some breeds with bare rat-tails or fat-tails that store energy fat deposits. Having an appendage placed directly in line with the fecal disposal area can be a troublesome hygiene issue. This is why farmers often dock shorten the tails to combat fecal buildup in the first place. Are they eating grass or trees?