What is civic life

This mushrooming of organizations may include both an influx of international CSOs and the emergence of new local organizations, in addition to those that existed before or during the conflict. International CSOs should be careful not to supplant or undermine local resources.

Many local organizations may lack the necessary skills and resources to perform their functions, and will likely be hampered by weak membership bases and a lack of national visibility. The lack of sustainable funding is another recurring challenge for new local CSOs, so assist them with budget management and administration through skills training and mentoring programs. Top-down approaches in developing civil society can encourage dependency, rather than empowering local actors to drive their own agendas and seek out innovative sources of funding and support.

If they are not diversified, civil society organizations can be perceived as exclusionary. Emphasize inclusivity in CSOs to ensure that their work fully represents the interests and values of what may be a very diverse population.

In societies where divisions run deep, encourage CSOs to build bridges across social groups and avoid reinforcing divisions based on identity. Pay close attention to marginalized groups, particularly women, given their demonstrated potential for contributing to lasting peace.

These laws may include protecting women from domestic violence, safeguarding their inheritance rights if their husbands die, and ensuring their rights in customary marriage, which is important for rural women. They also teach people basic organizational and management skills, such as resource management, budgeting and accounting, and project evaluation. The boom in CSOs after violent conflict can serve as an entry point for organizations controlled by those who oppose the peace process or seek to manipulate the population.

Other CSOs may form simply to take advantage of robust flow of donor funds. Promote accountability of these organizations by establishing CSO registration proce dures and encouraging development of important corporate governance mechanisms— boards of directors, audits, and bylaws—to ensure that CSOs operate within the law and with respect for human rights. An independent media sector includes print, broadcast, or Web-based outlets that serve the public interest by disseminating information to the population about social, economic, and political developments.

Journalists in the media sector typically include publishers, editors, producers, and reporters. In societies emerging from conflict, the primary function of the media is to report on the actions of the government and provide a public forum through which the population can debate issues peacefully and voice its concerns about the government. Without a functioning media sector that is free from censorship, the population cannot fully participate in political processes, exercise their civic rights and responsibilities, or express their needs to political officials.

Access to information is a basic human right and entails that information is available in a format and language that is usable and understood by the population. These characteristics are vital if the media sector is to perform its key function of ensuring government accountability for its actions by keeping the population abreast of key political developments.

A pluralistic media sector includes a diverse array of voices with competing perspectives, including marginalized populations such as women and minorities.

A transparent media sector prizes truth and credibility in the reporting of information. A sustainable media sector is one that comprises local staff with the capacity to generate and manage revenue needed to finance its operations.

Assessing fully the media landscape and the enabling environment in which it operates is a necessary first step in developing a sustainable media sector. During violent conflict, warring parties may have dominated major media outlets as a means for disseminating propaganda, delivering hate messages, or reinforcing societal divisions.

Consider establishing an outlet for the UN or other UN Security Council-mandated mission, that can counter these messages and communicate the peacebuilding objectives of the mission. The mission-owned outlet may be used to raise awareness about public information such as where the population can access essential services, how to vote, and what rights the population has, among others.

When you do so, you're participating in civic life, which is distinct from your private life. Private life includes all the ways that you pursue happiness through relationships, hobbies, or your job, that is, if you're not a member of government. Civic life includes all the ways that you might take part in solving the problems of your community, whether that's by volunteering in civil society, making rules or laws, or serving in a government body, whether that's the school council or the U.

So if you like playing video games, playing for fun is part of your private life. But if you joined a group petitioning for more representation of diverse characters in video games, you'd be entering into civic life. Then you're not just doing things that make you happy individually.

You're striving to have an effect on the lives of others. So when you step into civic life, you will become involved with politics and government. Although you often hear them lumped together, they're not actually the same thing. You could say that politics is something that you do, an action. Politics encompasses all the ways that people reach agreements in a group, by negotiating, compromising, or voting.

And those people might not agree with each other, but through the political process, they agree to be bound by the rules that they've negotiated together.

So in the large scale, politics describes both how Congress debates bills and how you and your brother decide who does the dishes. Then there's government. Government is a noun, and it describes both the institutions like the Supreme Court or the city council which make and enforce laws, as well as the people who serve in those institutions. So government could describe both FIFA, the international governing body for soccer, as well as the referee whose job it is to enforce the rules that soccer teams and players agree to abide by.

To achieve this standard, students should be able to identify examples of organized groups and discuss their historical and contemporary role in local, state, and national politics, e. Our fate is to become one and yet many.

Ralph Ellison Diversity in American society. Students should be able to evaluate, take and defend positions on issues regarding diversity in American life. To achieve this standard, students should be able to identify the many forms of diversity found in American society, e. What is American political culture?

Content Summary and Rationale The principle on which this country was founded and by which it has always been governed is that Americanism is a matter of the mind and heart; Americanism is not, and never was, a matter of race and ancestry.

A good American is one who is loyal to this country and to our creed of liberty and democracy. Franklin Delano Roosevelt In contrast to most other nations, the identity of an American citizen is defined by shared political values and principles rather than by ethnicity, race, religion, class, language, gender, or national origin.

These shared values and principles have helped to promote cohesion in the daily life of Americans and in times of crisis have enabled them to find common ground with those who differ from them. Although political conflicts sometimes have erupted in violence, such as labor disputes, race riots, and draft riots, citizens should understand that political conflict in the United States has usually been less divisive and violent than in many other nations.

This is in part because American political conflict, with the major exception of the Civil War, has generally taken place within a constitutional framework which allows for protest politics and promotes the peaceful resolution of differences. To understand their nation, citizens should appreciate the nature and importance of their political culture, which provides a foundation for the stability of their system, and its capacity to respond to the needs and interests of the people through peaceful change.

Content standards American national identity and political culture. Students should be able to explain the importance of shared political and civic beliefs and values to the maintenance of constitutional democracy in an increasingly diverse American society. Susan B. Anthony Character of American political conflict. Students should be able to describe the character of American political conflict and explain factors that usually tend to prevent it or lower its intensity.

To achieve this standard, students should be able to describe political conflict in the United States both historically and at present, such as conflict about geographic or sectional interests slavery and indentured servitude Here in America we are descended in blood and spirit from revolutionists and rebelsmen and women who dare to dissent from accepted doctrine.

As their heirs, we may never confuse honest dissent with disloyal subversion. Dwight D. Eisenhower national origins extending the franchise extending civil rights to all Americans the role of religion in American public life the rights of organized labor the role of government in regulating business engaging in wars explain some of the reasons why political conflict in the United States, with notable exceptions such as the Civil War, nineteenth century labor unrest, the s and s civil rights struggles, and the opposition to the war in Vietnam, has generally been less divisive than in many other nations.

These include a shared respect for the Constitution and its principles the existence of many opportunities to influence government and to participate in it the concept of a loyal opposition willingness to relinquish power when voted out of office acceptance of majority rule tempered by respect for minority rights recourse to the legal system to manage conflicts availability of land and abundance of natural resources a relatively high standard of living opportunities to improve one's economic condition opportunities for free, public education a sense of unity within diversity A thirst for liberty seems to be the ruling passion not only of America but of the present age.

Thomas Hutchinson explain the ways in which universal public education and the existence of a popular culture that crosses class boundaries have tended to reduce the intensity of political conflict by creating common ground among diverse groups D.

What values and principles are basic to American constitutional democracy? Content Summary and Rationale The constitutional values and principles held by Americans provide the foundation for their attitudes regarding the proper ends and means of political life. They have shaped American political institutions and practices.

In addition to experience, several intellectual traditions have influenced the development of American constitutional democracy. Among the most important of these were the ideas of classical liberalism with its emphasis on individual rights and classical republicanism. Throughout most of our history, the ideas associated with liberalism have been dominant. These ideas emerged in the seventeenth century and were further developed during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment.

The view that the individual, possessing certain inalienable rights, is the basic unit of society is the fundamental element of classical liberal thought. Classical liberalism includes the ideas that governments are created by the people to protect their inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property and derive their authority from the consent of the governed.

The Declaration of Independence is a succinct statement of the central ideas of classical liberalism. The republican is the only form of government which is not eternally at open or secret war with the rights of mankind. Thomas Jefferson c. Civic virtue requires the individual to subordinate personal interests to the interests of the community as a whole--the common good.

Republicanism considers promotion of the common good--the good of the people as a whole rather than the good of the individual or of certain segments of society--to be the fundamental purpose of government. This purpose is reflected in the Preamble to the Constitution and the body of the Constitution. Classical republicanism, like democracy, includes the idea of rule by the people exercised directly or indirectly through representatives. The values and principles of American constitutional democracy are sometimes in conflict, and their very meaning and application are often disputed.

For example, although most Americans agree that the idea of equality is an important value, they may disagree about what priority it should be given in comparison with other values such as liberty.

And they may disagree on the meaning of equality when it is applied to a specific situation. To participate constructively in public debate concerning fundamental values and principles, citizens need to understand them sufficiently.

Disparities have always existed between the realities of daily life and the ideals of American constitutional democracy. The history of the United States, however, has been marked by continuing attempts to narrow the gap between these ideals and reality. For these reasons, Americans have united in political movements to abolish slavery, extend the franchise, remove legal support for segregation, and provide equality of opportunity for each individual.

Citizens must be aware of historical and contemporary efforts in which Americans have joined forces to achieve this end. The Spirit that prevails among Men of all degrees, all ages and sexes is the Spirit of Liberty.

Abigail Adams Citizens, therefore, need to understand that American society is perpetually "unfinished" and that each generation must address ways to narrow the disparity between ideals and reality.

Content standards Liberalism and American constitutional democracy. Students should be able to explain the meaning of the terms "liberal" and "democracy" in the phrase "liberal democracy. This expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this, to the extent of the difference, is no democracy. Abraham Lincoln explain that the term "democracy" is derived from the Greek word for "rule by the people" explain that the central focus of democracy is that the people are the source of authority for government and how that idea is related to free elections and widespread participation explain the difference between the use of the term "democratic" to refer to the American form of government and the use of the term to refer to the Democratic Party in the United States explain how the basic premises of liberalism and democracy are joined in the Declaration of Independence, where they are stated as "self-evident Truths," i.

Students should be able to explain how and why ideas of classical republicanism are reflected in the values and principles of American constitutional democracy. The Government of the Union, then, is emphatically and truly a government of the people. In form and in substance it emanates from them. Its powers are granted by them, and are to be exercised directly on them and for their benefit.

John Marshall To achieve this standard, students should be able to define a "republic" as a state in which the citizenry as a whole is considered sovereign but which is governed by elected representatives rather than directly by the people, as in direct democracy explain major ideas of republicanism, i. Andrew Johnson Fundamental values and principles. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on what the fundamental values and principles of American political life are and their importance to the maintenance of constitutional democracy.

To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain the following values which are widely considered to be fundamental to American civic life individual rights, i.

Chief Joseph explain the following principles widely considered to be fundamental to American constitutional democracy popular sovereignty--the concept that ultimate political authority rests with the people who create and can alter or abolish governments constitutional government, including rule of law representative institutions separated and shared powers checks and balances individual rights separation of church and state federalism civilian control of the military identify the fundamental values and principles expressed in basic documents, significant political speeches and writings, and the individual and group actions that embody them explain how the institutions of government reflect fundamental values and principles, e.

Angelina Grimke explain the interdependence among certain values and principles, e. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues in which fundamental values and principles may be in conflict. To achieve this standard, students should be able to describe historical and contemporary issues which involve conflicts among fundamental values and principles and explain how these conflicts might be resolved liberty and equality liberty and authority individual rights and the common good explain why people may agree on values or principles in the abstract but disagree when they are applied to specific issues, e.

Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions about issues concerning the disparities between American ideals and realities. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King, Jr. The people, sir, erected this government. They gave it a constitution, and in that constitution they have enumerated the powers which they bestow on it.

They have made it a limited government. Daniel Webster A. How are power and responsibility distributed, shared, and limited in the government established by the United States Constitution? Content summary and rationale The system of government established by the Constitution has resulted in a complex dispersal of powers. As a result, every American lives under the jurisdiction of national, state, and local governments, all of whose powers and responsibilities are separated and shared among different branches and agencies.

All these governments--national, state, and local--affect the daily life of every American. This complex system of multiple levels and divisions of government is difficult to understand and is sometimes inefficient. It may result in delaying or preventing actions which may or may not be desirable. However, this system was seen by the Framers of the Constitution as a principal means of limiting the power of government.

It also provides numerous opportunities for citizens to participate in their own governance. It reflects the principle of popular sovereignty, enables citizens to hold their governments accountable, and helps to insure protection for the rights of the people. Citizens who understand the reasons for this system of dispersed power and its design are able to evaluate, to monitor, and to influence it effectively. Content standards Distributing governmental power and preventing its abuse.

Students should be able to explain how the United States Constitution grants and distributes power to national and state government and how it seeks to prevent the abuse of power.

Constitutions are checks upon the hasty action of the majority. They are the self- imposed restraints of a whole people upon a majority of them to secure sober action and a respect for the rights of the minority.

William Howard Taft c. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues regarding the distribution of powers and responsibilities within the federal system. To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain why the Framers adopted a federal system in which power and responsibility are divided and shared between a national government, having certain nationwide responsibilities, and state governments having state and local responsibilities explain how the Constitution's overall design and specific features were intended to place limitations on both national and state governments, e.

It cannot, indeed, be settled by the opinion of any one generation. Woodrow Wilson explain how the federal system provides numerous opportunities for citizens to participate through its dispersal of power among and between national, state, and local governments branches and agencies of the national, state, and local governments explain how the federal system provides numerous opportunities for citizens to hold their governments accountable explain ways in which federalism is designed to protect individual rights to life, liberty, and property and how it has at times made it possible for states to deny the rights of certain groups, e.

How is the national government organized and what does it do? Content Summary and Rationale The actions of the national government have significant consequences on the daily lives of all Americans, their communities, and the welfare of the nation as a whole.

These actions affect their security, their standard of living, and the taxes they will pay. To understand the impact of the national government on their daily lives and the lives of their communities, citizens need to understand how it functions.

To deliberate with other citizens about political action and to influence governmental actions that affect their lives, citizens need to know the distribution of responsibilities among the various branches and agencies of government and where and how decisions are made.

Content standards The institutions of the national government. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues regarding the purposes, organization, and functions of the institutions of the national government. To achieve this standard, students should be able to describe the purposes, organization, and functions of the three branches of the national government legislative , i. Alexis de Tocqueville evaluate the extent to which each branch of the government reflects the people's sovereignty, e.

Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues regarding the major responsibilities of the national government for domestic and foreign policy. To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain the major responsibilities of the national government for domestic policy and how domestic policies affect their everyday lives and their community explain the major responsibilities of the national government for foreign policy and how foreign policies, including trade policy and national security, affect their everyday lives and their community evaluate competing arguments about the proper role of government in major areas of domestic and foreign policy, e.

Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues regarding how government should raise money to pay for its operations and services. To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain the history of taxation in the United States and why taxation is necessary to pay for government explain provisions of the United States Constitution that authorize the national government to collect taxes, i.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. How are state and local governments organized and what do they do? Content Summary and Rationale State governments are established by state constitutions. Each has its own legislative, executive, and judicial branch. States possess substantial powers that, along with their local and intermediate governments, affect citizens' lives from birth to death. Local governments provide most of the services citizens receive, and local courts handle most civil disputes and violations of the law.

State and local governments license businesses, professions, automobiles, and drivers; provide essential services such as police and fire protection, education, and street maintenance; regulate zoning and the construction of buildings; provide public housing, transportation, and public health services; and maintain streets, highways, airports, and harbors.

Because of their geographic location and the fact that their meetings usually are open to the public, state and local governments are often quite accessible to the people. Members of city councils, boards of education, mayors, governors, and other officials are often available to meet with individuals and groups and to speak to students and civic organizations. Citizens need to know the purposes, organization, and responsibilities of their state and local governments so they can take part in their governance.

Content standards The constitutional status of state and local governments. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues regarding the proper relationship between the national government and the state and local governments. The proposed Constitution, so far from implying an abolition of the State Governments, makes them constituent parts of the national sovereignty This fully corresponds, in every rational import of the terms with the idea of a Federal Government.

Alexander Hamilton To achieve this standard, students should be able to describe similarities and differences between their state constitution and the federal constitution describe the limits the United States Constitution places on the powers of the states, e. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues regarding the relationships between state and local governments and citizen access to those governments. The support of State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administration of our domestic concerns, are the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies.

Thomas Jefferson To achieve this standard, students should be able to describe how their state and local governments are organized, e. Students should be able to identify the major responsibilities of their state and local governments and evaluate how well they are being fulfilled.

To achieve this standard, students should be able to identify the major responsibilities of their state and local governments and explain how those governments affect their lives identify the major sources of revenue for state and local governments, e. What is the place of law in the American constitutional system? Americans look to the principal varieties of law--constitutional, civil, and criminal-- for the protection of their rights to life, liberty, and property.

It establishes limits on both those who govern and the governed, making possible a system of ordered liberty which protects the basic rights of citizens and promotes the common good.

This basic notion of the rule of law has been accompanied by the ideal of equal protection of the law, a central theme in the history of the United States. Law pervades American society. Americans look to the principal varieties of law--constitutional, civil, and criminal--for the protection of their rights to life, liberty, and property.

It is often argued, however, that Americans are overly dependent on the legal system to manage disputes about social, economic, and political problems rather than using other means available to them such as private negotiations and participation in the political process. An understanding of the place of law in the American constitutional system enhances citizens' capacity to appreciate the importance of law in protecting individual rights and promoting the common good.

This understanding provides a basis for deciding whether to support new laws and changes in existing law. Content standards All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.

Civil Rights Act of The place of law in American society. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on the role and importance of law in the American political system.

To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain why the rule of law has a central place in American society, e. Supreme Court cases such as Marbury v. Madison , Brown v. Board of Education , U. Nixon practices , e. Earl Warren explain how the individual's rights to life, liberty, and property are protected by the trial and appellate levels of the judicial process and by the principal varieties of law, e. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on current issues regarding the judicial protection of individual rights.

To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain the importance of an independent judiciary in a constitutional democracy explain the importance of the right to due process of law for individuals accused of crimes, e. Jane Addams describe historical and contemporary instances in which judicial protections have not been extended to all persons describe historical and contemporary instances in which judicial protections have been extended to those deprived of them in the past explain why due process rights in administrative and legislative procedures are essential for the protection of individual rights and the maintenance of limited government explain major means of conflict resolution, including negotiation, arbitration, mediation, and litigation and their advantages and disadvantages describe the adversary system and evaluate its advantages and disadvantages explain how the state and federal courts' power of judicial review reflects the American idea of constitutional government, i.

How does the American political system provide for choice and opportunities for participation? Content Summary and Rationale Morality cannot be legislated, but behavior can be regulated. Judicial decrees may not change the heart, but they can restrain the heartless. The formal institutions and processes of government such as political parties, campaigns, and elections are important avenues for choice and citizen participation.

Another equally important avenue is the many associations and groups that constitute civil society. All provide ways for citizens to monitor and influence the political process. American constitutional democracy is dynamic and sometimes disorderly. The political process is complex and does not always operate in a smooth and predictable manner. Individually and in groups, citizens attempt to influence those in power. In turn, those in power attempt to influence citizens.

In this process, the public agenda--the most pressing issues of the day--is set, and public opinion regarding these issues is formed. Public opinion sets bounds to every government and is the real sovereign in every free one. James Madison If citizens do not understand the political process and how to participate in it effectively, they may feel overwhelmed and alienated.

An understanding of the political process is a necessary prerequisite for effective and responsible participation in the making of public policy.

Content standards The public agenda. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions about how the public agenda is set. To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain that the "public agenda" consists of those matters that occupy public attention at any particular time, e. It surrounds, directs, and oppresses him.

The basic constitution of society has more to do with this than any political laws. The more alike men are, the weaker each feels in the face of all. Alexis de Tocqueville describe how the public agenda is shaped by political leaders, political institutions, political parties, interest groups, the media, individual citizens explain how individuals can help to shape the public agenda, e.

Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions about the role of public opinion in American politics. To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain the concept of public opinion and alternative views of the proper role of public opinion in a democracy explain how public opinion is measured, used in public debate, and sometimes can be manipulated evaluate ways that government and the media influence public opinion evaluate the influence of public opinion on public policy and the behavior of public officials I fear three newspapers more than a hundred bayonets.

Napoleon Bonaparte c. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions on the influence of the media on American political life. To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain the meaning and importance of freedom of the press evaluate the role of television, radio, the press, newsletters, and emerging means of communication in American politics compare and contrast various forms of political persuasion and discuss the extent to which traditional forms have been replaced by electronic media Whatever facilitates a general intercourse of sentiments, as good roads, domestic commerce, a free press, and particularly a circulation of newspapers through the entire body of people James Madison explain how Congress, the president, and state and local public officials use the media to communicate with the citizenry evaluate historical and contemporary political communication using such criteria as logical validity, factual accuracy, emotional appeal, distorted evidence, appeals to bias or prejudice, e.

Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions about the roles of political parties, campaigns, and elections in American politics. The future of this republic is in the hands of the American voter. Eisenhower To achieve this standard, students should be able to describe the origins and development of the two party system in the United States evaluate the role of third parties in the United States explain how and why American political parties differ from ideological parties in other countries explain the major characteristics of American political parties, how they vary by locality, and how they reflect the dispersion of power providing citizens numerous opportunities for participation describe the role of political parties in channeling public opinion, allowing people to act jointly, nominating candidates, conducting campaigns, and training future leaders explain why political parties in the United States are weaker today than they have been at some times in the past Political parties serve to keep each other in check, one keenly watching the other.

Henry Clay c. Alexis de Tocqueville Associations and groups. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions about the contemporary roles of associations and groups in American politics.

To achieve this standard, students should be able to identify and explain the historical role of various associations and groups active in American politics, e. Students should be able to evaluate, take, and defend positions about the formation and implementation of public policy. To achieve this standard, students should be able to describe a current issue of public policy at local, state, or national level identify the major groups interested in that issue and explain their positions identify the points at which citizens can monitor or influence the process of public policy formation explain the processes by which public policy concerning that issue is formed and carried out explain why conflicts about values, principles, and interests may make agreement difficult or impossible on certain issues of public policy, e.

How is the world organized politically? Content summary and rationale The world is divided into nation-states that claim sovereignty over a defined territory and jurisdiction over everyone within it. These nation-states interact using diplomacy, formal agreements, and sanctions which may be peaceful or involve the use of force.

At the international level there is no political organization with power comparable to that of the nation-state to enforce agreements.

As a result, when interests among nation-states clash, wars may erupt. There are, however, international governmental organizations that provide avenues through which nation-states interact and attempt to manage conflicts peacefully.

In addition, numerous nongovernmental organizations play increasingly important roles. If we do not want to die together in war, we must learn to live together in peace. Harry S Truman To make judgments about the role of the United States in the world today and what course American foreign policy should take, citizens need to understand some of the major elements of international relations and how world affairs affect them.

Content standards Nation-states. Students should be able to explain how the world is organized politically. To achieve this standard, students should be able to explain the division of the world into nation-states that claim sovereignty over a defined territory and jurisdiction over everyone within it explain why there is no political organization at the international level with power comparable to that of the nation-state It is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law.

Students should be able to explain how nation-states interact with each other. To achieve this standard, students should be able to describe the most important means nation-states use to interact with one another trade diplomacy treaties, agreements international law economic incentives and sanctions military force and the threat of force explain common reasons for the breakdown of order among nation-states, e.